TY - JOUR
T1 - Normative scores of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in a sample of the adult Portuguese population
AU - Faustino, Bruno
AU - Oliveira, Jorge
AU - Lopes, Paulo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Objectives: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological instrument that is widely used for assessment of executive functioning in both clinical and research settings. The aim of this study was to provide the normative scores for the WCST in a sample of Portuguese healthy adults. Methods: The data was collected from archival data in a total sample of 359 individuals, 149 men (41.5%, Mage = 38.3; SD = 20.3) and 210 women (58.5%, Mage = 52.2; SD = 19.4). Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe mean scores, standard-deviation and percentiles of the WCST indexes by gender, age and education. ANOVAs were used to explore the differences between these scores in sociodemographic variables. The normative scores were adjusted for age and educational level. Results: Significant statistical differences in mean scores were found in several WCST indexes, such as, total errors, perseverations, perseverative errors and conceptual level responses regarding age and education. Percentiles for WCST indexes were stratified by age group and educational level. Conclusions: Age and education are important factors explaining performance on the WCST. This is the first study focused on the development of WCST normative scores for the adult Portuguese population, which can be applied in clinical, educational and research contexts.
AB - Objectives: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological instrument that is widely used for assessment of executive functioning in both clinical and research settings. The aim of this study was to provide the normative scores for the WCST in a sample of Portuguese healthy adults. Methods: The data was collected from archival data in a total sample of 359 individuals, 149 men (41.5%, Mage = 38.3; SD = 20.3) and 210 women (58.5%, Mage = 52.2; SD = 19.4). Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe mean scores, standard-deviation and percentiles of the WCST indexes by gender, age and education. ANOVAs were used to explore the differences between these scores in sociodemographic variables. The normative scores were adjusted for age and educational level. Results: Significant statistical differences in mean scores were found in several WCST indexes, such as, total errors, perseverations, perseverative errors and conceptual level responses regarding age and education. Percentiles for WCST indexes were stratified by age group and educational level. Conclusions: Age and education are important factors explaining performance on the WCST. This is the first study focused on the development of WCST normative scores for the adult Portuguese population, which can be applied in clinical, educational and research contexts.
KW - Healthy adults
KW - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
KW - normative scores
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85090472917&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/23279095.2020.1810040
DO - 10.1080/23279095.2020.1810040
M3 - Article
C2 - 32898451
AN - SCOPUS:85090472917
SN - 2327-9095
VL - 29
SP - 767
EP - 774
JO - Applied neuropsychology. Adult
JF - Applied neuropsychology. Adult
IS - 4
ER -