Biopsychosocial Factors That Influence Depression, Anxiety, and Neuropsychological Functions in the Aging Process

Background: Aging is a process inherent to the human condition that is characterized by various biological, psychological, and social changes that can lead to certain mental health problems. Objective: This study aimed to understand and characterize how biological, psychological, and social factors influence mental health symptoms and neuropsychological function in the aging process. Methods: A sample consisting of 616 participants (73.8% female) aged between 50 and 90 years, (mean [SD]: 69.6 [17.2] years). Data collection involved a neuropsychological assessment carried out by a psychologist in a clinical interview session and the self-completion of a questionnaire. Results: Regression models revealed that depressive symptoms are explained by anxiety, psychological and environmental quality of life, and sleep habits. Anxiety symptoms are explained by depression, physical quality of life, and sleep habits. Statistically significant differences were identified between participants with and without anxiety in neuropsychological terms at the level of agnosia and praxis. Statistically significant differences were identified between participants with and without depression in neuropsychological terms at the level of memory, language, agnosia and praxis, and executive function (eg, prefrontal tests). Conclusions: Depression and anxiety symptoms are associated and could negatively influence the aging process. Aging should be understood in an ecological way taking into account the action of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors, as well as the relationship and influence between the different levels and factors. This knowledge is important for diagnosis, for clinical practice, and for the development and definition of public policies to promote healthy aging.